Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Darteybaah and others published douglas mcgregors theoretical models. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y essay 847 words 4 pages. Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in my philosophy of. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee motivation. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi.
Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Mcgregors theory x and y is a salutary and simple remainder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. In 1895, it was here that his grandfather, thomas mcgregor started his business and given its name as, mcgregor institute. The need for seifactualization fulfillment of capacities the needs are arranged in order of importance under the assumption. Theories of employee motivation theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. Organizational communication channel 114,558 views. The need to belong acceptance by the group, friendships, love etc. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model.
His theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Theory x of motivation is based on the following assumptions. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Aug 11, 2014 douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the.
Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Follett is sometimes considered the mother of conflict resolution. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business.
It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. While mcgregors theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory x management still persists in practice. Download pdf douglas mcgregor revisited free online. Managements action of motivating human beings in the organization, according to mcgregor, involves certain assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis relating to human behavior and human nature. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility.
He also taught at the indian institute of management calcutta. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor. Jim was a fellow manager at hanover insurance, and we often reflected on the diseases produced by the prevailing hierarchical management practices of that time. Mcgregor sought to find out what makes a good manager by evaluating different management approaches, their assumptions about human behavior, and effects they had. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. Mcgregor maintained that there two fundamental approaches to managing people. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Rather, he saw the two theories as two extremes with a whole spectrum of possible behaviours in between. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Moreover, mcgregor recognized that implementation of these practices with a theory x mindset will be limitedly successful, with employees seeing such techniques as disingenuous manipulations heil et al, 2000. This style was added to the grid theory before 1999. The need for safety and security freedom from danger, job security, healthcare etc, 3.
The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y biography of douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor was born on 1906 in detroit, america.
Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Douglas murray mcgregor 1906 1 october 1964 was a management professor at the mit sloan school of management and president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954. Download pdf douglas mcgregor revisited free online new. Theory x and theory y pertain to employee motivation and have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior analysis, and organizational development. Mcgregors theory x and theory y introduction human beings have been studied systematically and objectively for many years to determine if they are resistant to work or selfgoverning. Mcgregor came from a social psychology background and brought his training in this area to the field of management. Managers generally have one of two perspectives regarding their employees. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has.
Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. The trick is to be aware of your assumptions and to adapt your management style, so that all members of your team can benefit. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s.
Mcgregors theory y matches much of maslows self actualization level of motivation. Since the need hierarchy theory of abraham maslow is being the core of study, this theory is dealt in detail in chapter i11 separately. For example, the paternalistic style, prescribe and guide. Floyd mayweather will play out what this fight means for their careers, their reputations, and most of all, their bank accounts. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Theory z was coined in the early 80s by ouchi from a consideration of both japanese and american management styles, and attempted to address the short comings in theory x and theory y. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theory y assumes that higherorder needs to dominate individuals. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. His 1960 book the human side of enterprise had a profound influence on education practices mcgregor was a student of abraham maslow. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Mcgregor s xy theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature.
Sep 09, 2016 douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf files newlinedb. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Mcgregors xy theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Theory x and theory y mcgregors theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. In addition, managers who tend to utilize mcgregors theory x generally receive poor results from their employees. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. The average man is by nature, lazy he works as little as possible. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. The human side of enterprise in the book the human side of enterprise, mcgregor identified an approach of creating an environment within which employees are motivated via authoritative direction and control or integration and selfcontrol, which he called theory x and theory y, respectively. Mcgregor developed two theories of human behaviour at work.
You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described as theory x and theory y. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. View homework help douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y.
Transformational leadership 1 transformational leadership transformational leadership is defined as a leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems. At the heart of mcgregors argument is the notion that managers as. In its ideal form, it creates valuable and positive change in the followers with the end goal of developing followers into leaders. Mcgregors xy theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for. However, the impact between xy attitudes and job performance has never been empirically substantiated. Mcgregor theory x and y pdf mcgregor theory x and y pdf download. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z motivation self. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregor s theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. It was redefined as 9,11,9 management where the manager swings between two extremes. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches.
She was one of the first to integrate the idea of organizational conflict into management theory. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. According to the economist 2008 he was not necessarily the first. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z free download as powerpoint presentation. He did not imply that workers would be one type or the other. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process, encouraging communication for improvement. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960.
Many years ago a professor named mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. The need for esteem recognition by others, feeling of achievement etc. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour.
Their application in assessing leadership styles find, read and cite all the research you need on. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. According to mcgregor 1960, 1966, management styles that the supervisors apply in a work setting range from theory x to theory y principles. Yet, mcgregors 1960 assumption that employees perform. I think it was a time when people were trying to explain the success of the japanese economy over the us one. Reward systems must correspond to intrinsic factors if employees are to be motivated. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Mcgregor theory x and y pdf the xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are adaptations of mcgregors ideas for modern organizations, management and.
In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. As a further refinement to grid theory, additional managerial styles combining two or more of the basic styles are identified. It is based on the assumption that selfdirection, selfcontrol, and maturity control motivation. Douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Mcgregor 1960 famously argued that there are two types of m anagers. Moreover, many efforts to introduce management initiatives based on theory y have failed to reform the workplace or worker attitudes. Pub type information analyses 070 reports general 140 edrs price mf01pc01 plus postage. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. In his view, management approaches could be roughly broken down into two theories theory x, which held a negative idea of employee motivations. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style. Each assumes that the managers role is to organize resources, including people, to best benefit the company.